Ince-Gaussian beams are a complete member of Helmholtz-Gauss beams and are exact and orthogonal solution of paraxial wave equation in elliptical cylindrical coordinates. In this paper, numerical evaluation of the M2 factor of Ince-Gaussan beams based on second order moments of intensity is presented. The results show that the M2 factor is an increasing function of mode order whereas it is independent of mode number. These calculations can help optical system designers to compute the quality factor of these beams very easily without the need to use other complex calculations.

In M2 II, a fragment of Manichaean Turfan texts, equivalent to the text “ ac” according to the subject-matter partition created by Boyce, there are two powers named by Mani as “ the Power of Light” , and “ the Power of Darkness” . By giving some notes, Andreas and Henning interpreted the Power of Light as an active Power who will gain the eternal salvation, and a passive one that have to stay bogged down in Darkness forever. Though the scholar translations of the text are based on Andreas and Henning’ s, they are either quiet about the Powers or some indefinite allusions are just mentioned by them. With making unnecessary changes to the scribe’ s paragraphs on the one hand, and paying not much attention to the Parthian syntax rules on the other, the scholars who translated this text did suggest different translations which seem in some cases to be obscure. In this essay these items will be discussed: The idea of the active and passive Powers of Light is in the air; the scholars did not pay attention to the distinct topical divisions appeared in the scribe’ s writing system; the scholar’ s negative attitude to some syntactical structures is rather responsible for those obscurity.

Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for life in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in life gives life a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in life construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in life questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of life's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the factor structure of purpose in life questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there are two factors "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether results of this research showed factor validity of the purpose in life questionnaire with a two factor pattern

In the present research the influences of manufacturing parameters e. g. laser scan rate and working atmosphere on densification and microstructure of M2 high-speed steel powder via direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) were studied. Density and micro-hardness measurement experiments were performed on, produced specimens and microstructural evaluation was done with both optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result of experiments showed that the density of laser sintered specimens decreased linearly with increasing the laser scan rate. Furthermore, sintering under the argon atmosphere yields higher densification than the nitrogen atmosphere. It was found that laser sintered specimens have cellular and/or dendrite microstructure due to rapid solidification during the DMLS process. Also, the size of pores is independent to laser scan rate, sintering atmosphere and chemical composition.

In this study, the preparation of layered double hydroxide-metal oxide (ZnAl-ZnO, MgAl-ZnO, and NiAl-ZnO) was successful. The characterization of the catalyst used XRD, FTIR, and SEM analysis. The catalyst shows high oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene. The percentage conversion of dibenzothiophene on ZnAl-ZnO, MgAl-ZnO, and NiAl-ZnO was 99. 38%, 99. 34%, and 99. 90%, respectively. The acidities of ZnAl-ZnO, MgAl-ZnO, and NiAl-ZnO were 0. 798, 2. 469, and 0. 184 mmol/g, respectively. The catalysts are heterogeneous systems, and the advantage is that they can be used for reusability. After 3 cycles of catalytic reactions at 323 K for 30 min, reusability proves that the percentage conversion of dibenzothiophene on ZnAl-ZnO, MgAl-ZnO, and NiAl-ZnO had a stable structure.